Journal: EMBO Reports

Article Title: S1P-S1PR1 signaling impairs CD8 + T cell metabolism and effector function in tumors

doi: 10.1038/s44319-026-00734-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Western blot analysis showing expression of CHOP in control, S1P, and GSK pretreated S1P-treated CD8 + T cells. The adjacent bar graph depicts normalized densitometric data from three biological replicates ( n = 3). ( B ) q-PCR analysis of Ddit3 (encoding CHOP) in respective groups ( n = 3). ( C , D ) Western blot analysis showing expression of CHOP in activated CD8 + T cells upon S1pr1 knockdown using ( C ) siRNA and ( D ) shRNA. The adjacent bar graph depicts normalized densitometric data from three biological replicates ( N = 3, for both ( C , D ). ( E ) Purified mouse CD8⁺ T cells activated under the indicated treatment conditions were analyzed for the production of effector cytokines. The adjacent bar plots represent cumulative data from three biological replicates ( n = 3). ( F ) Purified mouse CD8⁺ T cells activated under the indicated treatment conditions were assessed for the frequency of CD8 + T cells undergoing apoptosis, as determined by Annexin V and 7AAD staining. The adjacent bar plots represent cumulative data from four biological replicates ( n = 4). ( G – L ) C57BL/6 mice ( n = 4 mice/group) with subcutaneously established YUMM1.7 melanoma tumor treated either with vehicle control or GSK, as ( G ) represented schematically, were evaluated for: ( H ) tumor growth, ( I ) the ability of CD8 + T cells from the tumor site to produce different effector cytokines, ( J ) frequency of CD8 + T cells at the tumor site, ( K ) expression of PD1, and ( L ) expression of Tim3 on intratumoral CD8 + T cells. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.005; **** P < 0.0001; ns, nonsignificant ( P > 0.05), the error bar represents the standard deviation (SD). P values are derived from unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test ( I – L ), one-way ANOVA ( A – F ), and two-way ANOVA test ( H ). .

Article Snippet: Cells were maintained in complete DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with:10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco), 1% penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco) For lentiviral production, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with: 15 μg lentiviral expression plasmid encoding S1pr1 shRNA, Eif2ak3 shRNA, or non-targeting scrambled shRNA control (Origene, USA) 10 μg psPAX2 packaging plasmid 5 μg pMD2.G envelope plasmid Transfection was carried out using the CaCl2/HBS precipitation method.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Knockdown, shRNA, Purification, Staining, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: EMBO Reports

Article Title: S1P-S1PR1 signaling impairs CD8 + T cell metabolism and effector function in tumors

doi: 10.1038/s44319-026-00734-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Western blot analysis of phospho-p38 (p-p38) and total p38 expression, in vehicle control and S1P-treated CD8 + T cells. The adjacent bar graph depicts normalized densitometric data from three biological replicates ( n = 3). ( B , C ) Western blot analysis showing the expression of p-p38 and total p38 in activated T cells upon S1pr1 knockdown using ( B ) siRNA ( n = 3) and (C) shRNA ( n = 3). The adjacent bar graph depicts normalized densitometric data. ( D ) Western blot analysis of p-p38 and total p38 in CD8 + T cells activated in the presence or absence of S1P, along with the indicated inhibitor. The adjacent bar graph depicts normalized densitometric data from three biological replicates ( n = 3). ( E , F ) qPCR analysis of transcript levels of different ( E ) Map3k and (F) Map2k genes in CD8 + T cells in respective groups ( n = 4). ( G ) CD8 + T cells were activated in the presence or absence of S1P and were collected and processed for chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay with an antibody specific for CHOP or with rabbit IgG control. qPCR primers specific for the known CHOP binding gene ( Dr5 ) and different Map3K and Map2K , along with Mapk14 , were used to determine CHOP binding to the respective promoters ( n = 4). ( H , I ) Purified mouse CD8⁺ T cells activated under the indicated treatment conditions were assessed for: ( H ) T cell death by Annexin V and 7AAD staining and ( I ) frequency of CD8 + T cells producing different effector cytokines. The adjacent bar represents cumulative data from four biological replicates ( n = 4, for both ( H , I )). ( J ) Extracellular flux assay for determining of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in activated CD8 + T cells in respective groups. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.005; **** P < 0.0001; ns, nonsignificant ( P > 0.05), the error bar represents the standard deviation (SD). P values are derived from unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test ( A ), one-way ANOVA ( B – D , H , I ), and two-way ANOVA test ( E – G ). .

Article Snippet: Cells were maintained in complete DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with:10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco), 1% penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco) For lentiviral production, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with: 15 μg lentiviral expression plasmid encoding S1pr1 shRNA, Eif2ak3 shRNA, or non-targeting scrambled shRNA control (Origene, USA) 10 μg psPAX2 packaging plasmid 5 μg pMD2.G envelope plasmid Transfection was carried out using the CaCl2/HBS precipitation method.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Knockdown, shRNA, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Binding Assay, Purification, Staining, XF Assay, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: EMBO Reports

Article Title: S1P-S1PR1 signaling impairs CD8 + T cell metabolism and effector function in tumors

doi: 10.1038/s44319-026-00734-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) CD8⁺ T cells isolated from either the tumor site or spleen of C57BL/6 mice ( n = 4) bearing YUMM1.7 melanoma were assessed for p-p38 expression. The adjacent bar plot summarizes pooled data from four tumor-bearing mice. ( B ) Intratumoral CD8⁺ T cells from C57BL/6 mice ( n = 4/group) with subcutaneous YUMM1.7 melanoma, treated with vehicle control or p38i, were evaluated for the frequency of terminally exhausted CD8⁺ T cells (PD1⁺Tim3⁺). The adjacent bar plot summarizes pooled data from four mice per group. ( C ) Adoptively transferred Pmel-1 T cells transduced with either control shRNA or shRNA targeting PERK, isolated from tumors of C57BL/6 mice ( n = 4/group) bearing subcutaneous B16-F10 melanoma and treated with or without anti-PD1 antibody, were evaluated for the frequency of terminally exhausted CD8⁺ T cells (PD1⁺Tim3⁺). The adjacent bar plot summarizes pooled data from four mice per group. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.005; **** P < 0.0001 ns, nonsignificant ( P > 0.05). The error bar represents the standard deviation (SD). P values are derived from unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test ( A , B ) and one-way ANOVA. .

Article Snippet: Cells were maintained in complete DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with:10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco), 1% penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco) For lentiviral production, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with: 15 μg lentiviral expression plasmid encoding S1pr1 shRNA, Eif2ak3 shRNA, or non-targeting scrambled shRNA control (Origene, USA) 10 μg psPAX2 packaging plasmid 5 μg pMD2.G envelope plasmid Transfection was carried out using the CaCl2/HBS precipitation method.

Techniques: Isolation, Expressing, Control, Transduction, shRNA, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: EMBO Reports

Article Title: S1P-S1PR1 signaling impairs CD8 + T cell metabolism and effector function in tumors

doi: 10.1038/s44319-026-00734-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A – D ) C57BL/6 mice ( n = 4 mice/group) with subcutaneously established YUMM1.7 melanoma tumor treated either with vehicle control or p38i, as ( A ) represented schematically, were evaluated for: ( B ) tumor growth, ( C ) frequency of CD8 + T cells at the tumor site, ( D ) the ability of CD8 + T cells from the tumor site to produce different effector cytokines. ( E ) Schematic representation of the ACT protocol where C57BL/6 mice ( n = 4 mice/group) bearing subcutaneous B16-F10 tumors were adoptively transferred with 0.75 × 10⁶ Pmel-1 T cells, followed by treatment with or without anti-PD1 antibody (Clone# RMP1-14; 200 µg/mouse twice weekly), combined with p38i or vehicle control. Mice were subsequently evaluated for: ( F ) tumor growth ( n = 4), ( G ) frequency of Vβ13 + CD8 + T cells at the tumor site ( n = 4), and ( H ) Intracellular expression of effector cytokines in intratumoral Pmel-1 T cells following in vitro restimulation ( n = 4). ( I ) Schematic representation of the ACT protocol where C57BL/6 mice ( n = 4 mice/group) bearing subcutaneous B16-F10 tumors were adoptively transferred with 0.75 × 10⁶ Pmel-1 T cells transduced with either control shRNA (Pmel WT ) or shRNA targeting PERK (Pmel PERK ), followed by treatment with or without anti-PD1 antibody (Clone# RMP1-14; 200 µg/mouse twice weekly). Mice were evaluated for: ( J ) tumor growth ( n = 4), ( K ) frequency of Vβ13 + CD8 + T cells at the tumor site ( n = 4), and ( L ) Intracellular expression of effector cytokines in intratumoral Pmel-1 T cells following in vitro restimulation ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.005; **** P < 0.0001; ns, nonsignificant ( P > 0.05), the error bar represents the standard deviation (SD). P values are derived from unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test ( C , D ), one-way ANOVA ( G , H , K , L ), and two-way ANOVA test ( B , F , J ). .

Article Snippet: Cells were maintained in complete DMEM (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with:10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco), 1% penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco) For lentiviral production, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with: 15 μg lentiviral expression plasmid encoding S1pr1 shRNA, Eif2ak3 shRNA, or non-targeting scrambled shRNA control (Origene, USA) 10 μg psPAX2 packaging plasmid 5 μg pMD2.G envelope plasmid Transfection was carried out using the CaCl2/HBS precipitation method.

Techniques: Control, Expressing, In Vitro, Transduction, shRNA, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection Induces PARP-1 Hyperactivation Mediated Energy Collapse in Motor Neurons

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701280

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative western blot analysis of PAR accumulation and PARP-1 expression at 24 hpi with VEEV (MOI 1.0). NSC34 cells were transfected with either PARP1 siRNA (siPARP1; 20 pmol) or scrambled control siRNA (siCon; 20 pmol) 48 hours prior to infection. Pharmacological inhibition was achieved using ABT-888 (PARPi; 20µM) initiated 1 hour prior to infection and maintained throughout the experiment. ( B ) VEEV replication kinetics in NSC34 and diMN cells (MOI 1.0) following PARP-1 manipulation or nicotinamide riboside (NR; 500 µM) supplementation. To maintain effective concentrations, a 250µM NR spike was added to the infectious media at 12 hpi. Viral titers were quantified by plaque assay on Vero cells from supernatants collected between 6 and 48 hpi. Data represent mean ± SEM from at least three independent biological replicates. PARP-1 inhibition (siPARP1 and PARPi) resulted in an approximate one-log increase in viral titers between 12 and 24 hpi. (C–E) Metabolic and viability rescue at 24 hpi. (C) Intracellular NAD + (NAD/NADH-Glo) and (D)ATP levels (Luminescent ATP Detection) were quantified following treatment with siCon, siPARP1, PARPi, or NR as described above. All metabolic values were normalized to the number of viable cells in matched wells on the same plate to account for infection-induced cell loss. (E) Cell viability was assessed via Alamar Blue fluorescence. All values are expressed relative to mean of uninfected Mock controls. Statistical significance was determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA assuming a lognormal distribution; infected-treated groups were compared to the infected-untreated (or siCon) control via Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. Mock and treatment-only controls are shown for reference. Data represent mean ± SEM., * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01, *** = P ≤ 0.001

Article Snippet: A non-targeting scrambled siRNA (Santa Cruz, #sc-37007) served as a control.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Transfection, Control, Infection, Inhibition, Plaque Assay, Fluorescence